Comparison of short-term toxicity of 14 common phycotoxins (alone and in combination) to the survival of brine shrimp Artemia salina

Toxic harmful algal blooms (HABs) can cause deleterious effects in marine organisms, threatening the stability of ecosystems. It is well known that different strains, natural populations and growth conditions same toxic species may lead to amount phycotoxin production ensuing toxicity. To fully assess ecological risk HABs, it great importance investigate phycotoxins organisms. In this study, short-term toxicity 14 common (alone combination) zooplankton Artemia salina was investigated. The 48 h LC50 varied from 0.019 3 µg/mL 2.415 µg/mL. most potent azaspiracids-3 (AZA3; with a µg/mL), followed by azaspiracids-2 (AZA2; 0.022 6 pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2; 0.046 0 µg/mL) dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1; 0.081 8 µg/mL). For binary exposure, okadaic acid (OA) induced potential additive DTX1, probably due their similar structure (polyether fatty acid) mode action (attacking serine/threonine phosphoprotein phosphatases). On other hand, OA showed antagonistic PTX2, which might be accounted for activation on detoxification activity cytochrome P450 activity. addition, DTX1 synergetic saxitoxin (STX), yessotoxin (YTX) or suggesting hazard potency mixtures (like STX, YTX PTX2) regard risk. These results provide valuable toxicological data assessing impact planktonic highlight HABs